D E Fig. 20 — Solidification paths and resultant fractions of phases. A, B — Ni39.58W1.08C0.67B0.36Fe0.34Si; C, D — Ni39.58W1.08C0.67B0.36Fe0.34Si5Cr, showing loss of WC caused by substituting 5 wt% Ni with 5 wt% Cr; E, F—Ni39.58W1.08C0.67B0.36Fe0.34Si10Cr, showing complete loss of WC caused by substituting 10 wt% Ni with 10 wt% Cr. Arrowheads indicate the points at which new phases start to form from the liquid during cooling. Fraction of -Ni is not included in order to show other solid phases more clearly. composition measurements by highresolution EPMA and CompuTherm, LLC in Madison, Wis,. for kindly providing Pandat 2013 and PanNickel 2013 for calculating the solidification paths. They would also like to thank Polymet, Cincinnati, Ohio, for donating the Poly- Tung NiBWC wire. The authors would like to thank Bruce Albrecht, Todd Holverson, Rick Hutchison, and Joe Fink of Miller Electric Manufacturing Co. and ITW Global Welding Technology Center, both located in Appleton, Wis., for donating the CSC process controller and drive assembly, Invision 456 power source, XR-M wire feeder, and welding gun used in the present study. This work was supported initially by the Industry/University Collaborative Research Center (I/UCRC) for Integrated Materials Joining Science for Energy Applications, and subsequently by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. DMR 1500367. 1. Mendez, P. F., Barnes, N., Bell, K., Borle, S. D., Gajapathi, S. S., Guest, S. D., Izadi, H., Gol, A. K., and Wood, G. 2014. Welding processes for wear resistant overlays. Journal of Manufacturing Processes 16(1): 4–25. 2. Choi, L., Wolfe, T., Yarmuch, M., and Gerlich, A. September 2011. Effect of welding parameters on tungsten carbide-metal matrix composites produced by GMAW. Proc. CWA Conf., Banff, AB, Canada. 3. Vespa, P., Pinard, P. T., Gauvin, R., and WELDING RESEARCH Brochu, M. 2012. Analysis of WC/Ni-based coatings deposited by controlled short-circuit MIG welding. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 21(6): 865–876. 4. ISO/TR 13393, 2009, Welding consumables — hardfacing classification — microstructures, Switzerland. 5. Data Sheet, PolyTung NiBWC, WC-W-007. April 2010. Cincinnati, Ohio: Polymet Corp. 6. CSC-MIG Weld Process Controller, Jetline Engineering, Irvine, Calif., pdf.directindustry .com/pdf/jet-line-engineering/cscmig weld-processcontroller/ 27577-54392.html. 7. Gilles, K. 2006. An anti-spatter matter. Welding Design and Fabrication, weldingdesign.com/processes/ anti-spatter-matter. 8. Wagner, D. C., Yang, Y. K., and Kou, S. 2013. Spatter and porosity in gas-metal arc welding of magnesium alloys: mechanisms and elimination. Welding Journal 92: 347-s. 9. Chai, X., Yang, Y. K., and Kou, S. 2015. Oxide films, high crowns and fingers in gas-metal arc welds of Mg alloys: Mechanisms of formation and mitigation. Welding Journal 94: 16-s to 33-s. 10. Anzalone, G. C., Zhang, C., Wijnen, B., Sanders, P. G., and Pearce, J. M. 2013. A low-cost open-source metal 3-D printer. IEEE Access 1: 803–810. 11. GB/T 223.60. 1997. Methods for chemical analysis of iron, steel and alloy — The perchloric acid dehydration gravimetric method for determination of silicon content, Beijing, China: Standardization Administration of China. 12. GB/T 7731.1. 1987. Methods for chemical analysis of ferrotungsten — The cinchonine gravimetric method for the determination of tungsten content, Beijing, China: Standardization Administration of China. 13. GB/T 24583.4. 2009. Vanadium-Nitrogen alloy — Determination carbon of content — The infrared absorption method, Beijing, China: Standardization Administration of China. 14. NACIS/C 048. 2013. Iron, steel and alloy — Determination of nickel content- Dimethylglyoxime precipitation-EDTA titration method, Beijing, China: National Analysis Center for Iron and Steel. 15. NACIS/C H 070. 2013. Determination of iron, cobalt, nickel and copper content ICP-AES, Beijing, China: National DECEMBER 2016 / WELDING JOURNAL 465-s References A B C F
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