March Madness isn't just about buzzer beaters and Cinderella stories. It's also about the meticulous process theDivision I Men's and Women's Basketball Committeesundergo to determine which teams make the NCAA tournaments.
Understanding these criteria can shed light on why certain teams receive at-large bids and how selections are made. Here's a breakdown of how the committees make their decisions for both men's and women's basketball.
Key metrics used in NCAA selection process
NCAA Evaluation Tool rankings
The NET rankings measure team performance based on efficiency, opponent quality and game location. This is the NCAA's primary sorting tool for evaluating teams.
The NET is designed to be most optimal in March, not in early December. It is first released in December each year due to demand from the NCAA membership, media and fans. There are going to be more outliers early in the season because of the limited data available, more than what you might see in other metrics that use preseason data as a starting point for rankings. The NET does not use any data from prior seasons or any preseason rankings or inputs.
Quadrant wins and losses
NET rankings play a role in helping the men's and women's basketball committees evaluate teams, but they arenot the sole factorin determining who makes the tournament. Instead, the committees use the NET rankings as a guide to sort teams into four quadrants, with different quadrant ranges for men's and women's basketball that were determined by using sport-specific home, away and neutral game results. Quadrants reflect the expected win percentage versus a given opponent with respect to game location across all games for men's and women's basketball.
Men's quadrant system
- Quadrant 1:Home (1-30), Neutral (1-50), Away (1-75).
- Quadrant 2:Home (31-75), Neutral (51-100), Away (76-135).
- Quadrant 3:Home (76-160), Neutral (101-200), Away (136-240).
- Quadrant 4:Home (161-353), Neutral (201-353), Away (241-353).
Women's quadrant system
- Quadrant 1:Home (1-25), Neutral (1-35), Away (1-45).
- Quadrant 2:Home (26-55), Neutral (36-65), Away (46-80).
- Quadrant 3: Home (56-90), Neutral (66-105), Away (81-130).
- Quadrant 4:Home (91+), Neutral (106+), Away (131+).
Results-based metrics (men's basketball only)
These metrics evaluate a team's resume and overall performance:
- Wins Against Bubble—A new metric being used by the committee in 2024-25, Wins Against Bubblecalculates the expected winning percentage for an average bubble team in each game of a team's schedule and then subtracts that total from the team's actual number of wins. For example, if an average bubble team was expected to win 19 games against Team A's schedule, but Team A won 20, it would have a +1.0 WAB rating. It's the amount of wins you have minus the amount of wins an average bubble team would expect to have versus your schedule.
- KPI—The Kevin Pauga Index metric ranks team resumes by assigning a value to each game played. The best win possible is worth about +1.0, the worst loss about -1.0, and a virtual tie at 0.0.Adjustments are made to each game's value based on location of the game, opponent quality and percentage of total points scored. Game values are added together and divided by games played to determine a team's KPI ranking. By ranking games, a team's schedule can be sorted from best win to worst loss, and a team's KPI can be broken out into categories (home games, conference games, etc.).All games (including those against non-Division I schools) are quantified, and each team begins each season at zero.
- Strength of record—Strength of record answers the question "How difficult was it to achieve a team's won-lost record?" The metric calculates the probability that a typical No. 25 team in the country would have the same record or better against that schedule. The probability of winning each game for that typical No. 25 team is according to the current BPI estimates. The harder it is to have a given won-lost record (i.e., the smaller the probability the 25th best team in country could have that record), the better a team's strength of record.
Predictive-based metrics (men's basketball only)
These metrics assess the quality of teams beyond wins and losses:
- KenPom—The Ken Pomeroy ranking is a predictive rating meant to show how strong a team would be if it played tonight, independent of injuries or emotional factors. It is a mathematical formula based on offensive efficiency (points scored per 100 offensive possessions) and defensive efficiency (points allowed per 100 defensive possessions).
- Torvik—Another new metric being used by the committee in 2024-25, the Torvik ranking is a mathematical formula based on offensive efficiency (points scored per 100 offensive possessions) and defensive efficiency (points allowed per 100 defensive possessions). Torvik uses a game script that omits data after the game mathematically becomes decided. All games played in the previous 40 days count 100%, then degrade 1% per day until they're 80 days old, after which games count 60%.
- BPI—The Basketball Power Index is a measure of team strength and not team accomplishment. Each team's BPI tells how many points better or worse per game it is than an average Division I team. There are two pieces to BPI: a preseason rating and results of games as they are played. As more games are played, the preseason component holds less and less weight until it becomes almost nonexistent. For each game, BPI takes into account points, possessions, opponent strength, game site, distance each team had to travel, team rest and whether the game is played at a high altitude.
Women's NCAA tournament selection criteria (alphabetical order)
The Division I Women's Basketball Committee team selection criteria and priorities include the following, listed alphabetically, as it is up to each committee member to decide priority order:
- Bad losses.
- Common opponents.
- Competitive in losses.
- Early performance versus late performance.
- Head-to-head results.
- NET ranking (see above).
- Observable component.
- Overall record.
- Regional rankings.
- Significant wins.
- Strength of schedule.
Committees' use of metrics
The selection committees do not rely on a single metric, as outliers exist in every system. Instead, they consider multiple factors.
The NET is one of many resources/tools available to the committees in the selection, seeding and bracketing process. Computer models cannot accurately evaluate qualitative factors such as games missed by key players or coaches, travel difficulties and other effects of specific games. Each committee member independently evaluates a vast amount of information during the process to make individual decisions. It is these qualitative, quantitative and subjective opinions — developed after hours of personal observations; discussion with coaches, directors of athletics and commissioners; and review and comparison of various data — that committee members ultimately will use to determine their vote on all issues related to selections, seeding and bracketing
Final thoughts: What this means for Selection Sunday
The NCAA Division I Men's and Women's Basketball Committees use both data-driven analysis and subjective judgment to build the brackets. Understanding the NET rankings, quadrant system and selection process gives fans and teams a better idea of what to expect.