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Space pressure can be either positive or unfavorable with respect to outside the space. Favorable pressure happens when there is more air being supplied than exhausted, and is common to minimize the seepage of outside pollutants. Natural ventilation is a key element in lowering the spread of air-borne illnesses such as tuberculosis, the acute rhinitis, influenza and meningitis.

Natural ventilation needs little maintenance and is inexpensive. An air conditioning system, or a standalone a/c unit, supplies cooling and humidity control for all or part of a building. Air conditioned buildings typically have sealed windows, since open windows would work versus the system intended to maintain continuous indoor air conditions.

The percentage of return air comprised of fresh air can typically be controlled by changing the opening of this vent. Normal fresh air intake is about 10%. [] Cooling and refrigeration are supplied through the removal of heat. Heat can be removed through radiation, convection, or conduction. Refrigeration conduction media such as water, air, ice, and chemicals are described as refrigerants.

It is vital that the a/c horsepower is adequate for the area being cooled. Underpowered cooling system will result in power wastage and ineffective usage. Adequate horsepower is required for any air conditioning unit installed. The refrigeration cycle uses four essential components to cool. The system refrigerant begins its cycle in a gaseous state.

From there it enters a heat exchanger (often called a condensing coil or condenser) where it loses energy (heat) to the outdoors, cools, and condenses into its liquid phase. An (also called metering device) controls the refrigerant liquid to stream at the appropriate rate. The liquid refrigerant is gone back to another heat exchanger where it is enabled to evaporate, hence the heat exchanger is typically called an evaporating coil or evaporator.

At the same time, heat is soaked up from indoors and moved outdoors, leading to cooling of the structure. In variable environments, the system might include a reversing valve that switches from heating in winter to cooling in summer. By reversing the flow of refrigerant, the heatpump refrigeration cycle is altered from cooling to heating or vice versa.

Free cooling systems can have very high efficiencies, and are sometimes combined with seasonal thermal energy storage so that the cold of winter can be utilized for summer a/c. Typical storage mediums are deep aquifers or a natural underground rock mass accessed by means of a cluster of small-diameter, heat-exchanger-equipped boreholes.

The heatpump is added-in due to the fact that the storage functions as a heat sink when the system is in cooling (instead of charging) mode, triggering the temperature level to slowly increase during the cooling season. Some systems include an “economizer mode”, which is often called a “free-cooling mode”. When saving money, the control system will open (totally or partially) the outdoors air damper and close (totally or partially) the return air damper.

When the outdoors air is cooler than the required cool air, this will enable the need to be fulfilled without utilizing the mechanical supply of cooling (generally chilled water or a direct expansion “DX” system), thus saving energy. The control system can compare the temperature of the outdoors air vs.

In both cases, the outside air must be less energetic than the return air for the system to go into the economizer mode. Central, “all-air” air-conditioning systems (or bundle systems) with a combined outdoor condenser/evaporator system are often installed in North American homes, offices, and public buildings, but are tough to retrofit (install in a structure that was not created to receive it) because of the bulky air ducts needed.

An alternative to packaged systems is making use of different indoor and outside coils in split systems. Split systems are chosen and extensively used around the world except in The United States and Canada. In The United States and Canada, divided systems are frequently seen in residential applications, however they are gaining popularity in small business buildings.

The benefits of ductless cooling systems include simple setup, no ductwork, higher zonal control, versatility of control and quiet operation. [] In area conditioning, the duct losses can account for 30% of energy usage. The usage of minisplit can lead to energy cost savings in area conditioning as there are no losses related to ducting.

Indoor systems with directional vents mount onto walls, suspended from ceilings, or fit into the ceiling. Other indoor units install inside the ceiling cavity, so that short lengths of duct deal with air from the indoor system to vents or diffusers around the spaces. Split systems are more effective and the footprint is usually smaller than the plan systems.

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