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Space pressure can be either favorable or unfavorable with respect to outside the room. Positive pressure happens when there is more air being supplied than exhausted, and prevails to lower the seepage of outside contaminants. Natural ventilation is a crucial consider minimizing the spread of air-borne diseases such as tuberculosis, the typical cold, influenza and meningitis.

Natural ventilation requires little maintenance and is affordable. An air conditioning system, or a standalone air conditioning system, offers cooling and humidity control for all or part of a building. Air conditioned buildings often have sealed windows, due to the fact that open windows would work against the system meant to preserve constant indoor air conditions.

The portion of return air comprised of fresh air can normally be controlled by changing the opening of this vent. Common fresh air consumption is about 10%. [] Air conditioning and refrigeration are provided through the removal of heat. Heat can be eliminated through radiation, convection, or conduction. Refrigeration conduction media such as water, air, ice, and chemicals are referred to as refrigerants.

It is important that the cooling horsepower is adequate for the location being cooled. Underpowered a/c system will result in power waste and inefficient use. Appropriate horse power is needed for any a/c set up. The refrigeration cycle uses four important components to cool. The system refrigerant begins its cycle in a gaseous state.

From there it goes into a heat exchanger (sometimes called a condensing coil or condenser) where it loses energy (heat) to the outside, cools, and condenses into its liquid stage. An (likewise called metering device) regulates the refrigerant liquid to stream at the appropriate rate. The liquid refrigerant is gone back to another heat exchanger where it is enabled to vaporize, hence the heat exchanger is frequently called an evaporating coil or evaporator.

At the same time, heat is soaked up from inside and transferred outdoors, resulting in cooling of the structure. In variable environments, the system might include a reversing valve that changes from heating in winter season to cooling in summer. By reversing the flow of refrigerant, the heat pump refrigeration cycle is changed from cooling to heating or vice versa.

Free cooling systems can have extremely high performances, and are in some cases integrated with seasonal thermal energy storage so that the cold of winter can be utilized for summer air conditioning. Typical storage mediums are deep aquifers or a natural underground rock mass accessed by means of a cluster of small-diameter, heat-exchanger-equipped boreholes.

The heat pump is added-in since the storage serves as a heat sink when the system is in cooling (as opposed to charging) mode, causing the temperature level to slowly increase during the cooling season. Some systems include an “economizer mode”, which is in some cases called a “free-cooling mode”. When economizing, the control system will open (fully or partly) the outside air damper and close (totally or partially) the return air damper.

When the outdoors air is cooler than the required cool air, this will permit the demand to be met without using the mechanical supply of cooling (normally cooled water or a direct expansion “DX” unit), therefore conserving energy. The control system can compare the temperature level of the outdoors air vs.

In both cases, the outdoors air should be less energetic than the return air for the system to go into the economizer mode. Central, “all-air” air-conditioning systems (or bundle systems) with a combined outdoor condenser/evaporator system are often installed in North American homes, offices, and public buildings, but are tough to retrofit (install in a structure that was not created to receive it) because of the large air ducts needed.

An option to packaged systems is making use of different indoor and outside coils in split systems. Split systems are preferred and commonly used around the world other than in North America. In North America, split systems are most often seen in residential applications, however they are acquiring appeal in little business buildings.

The benefits of ductless a/c systems consist of simple setup, no ductwork, higher zonal control, flexibility of control and quiet operation. [] In area conditioning, the duct losses can account for 30% of energy consumption. Using minisplit can lead to energy cost savings in space conditioning as there are no losses connected with ducting.

Indoor systems with directional vents mount onto walls, suspended from ceilings, or suit the ceiling. Other indoor systems install inside the ceiling cavity, so that short lengths of duct manage air from the indoor system to vents or diffusers around the rooms. Split systems are more efficient and the footprint is typically smaller than the package systems.

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