Phosphorus
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[Ne]
As shown on the Periodic Table and represented in this orbital diagram, Phosphorus has a Ground State of 15P [Ne] 3s23p3
15P [Ne] 3s23p3
Ground State
The molecular geometry of PBr5 (phosphorus pentabromide) is trigonal bipyramidal.
sp3d Hybridization: Phosphorus Pentabromide
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PBr5
Hybridization State
Br
Now that we have 5 uniform, singly occupied orbitals, we can bring in Br to make Phosphorus Pentabromide.
sp3d in 3D
Trigonal Bipyramidal
PBr5
P
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Notice there are NO occupied d orbitals for bonding.
To create equal bond strength, we mix different orbitals and create one set of uniform hybrid orbitals.
PBr5 bonds should all be equal, but remember that s bonds are stronger than p bonds, so nature has to do something to make the orbitals uniform.
That something is hybridization.
Promotion State
sp3d
s
p, 1
p, 2
p, 3
Note that electrons stay in the same energy level ONLY in the hybridization state.
d
Hybrid Orbital
As shown on the Periodic Table and represented in this orbital diagram, Phosphorus has a Ground State of 15P [Ne] 3s23p3
3
4
1
To make PBr5, we need 5 singly occupied orbitals to bond.
2
5
PBr5 bonds should all be equal, but remember that s bonds are stronger than p bonds, so nature has to do something to make the orbitals uniform.
That something is hybridization.
As shown on the Periodic Table, Bromine has a Ground State of [Ar]4s23d104p5 as represented by this orbital diagram.
Now that we have 5 uniform, singly occupied orbitals, we can bring in Br to make Phosphorus Pentabromide.
Note that 3d10 is not included
in the orbital diagram because
it is a pseudo noble gas core
and therefore does not take part in the chemical reaction. Treat a pseudo noble gas core like the electrons inside the brackets with the symbol of the noble gas.
An electron is promoted to create five singly occupied orbitals for bonding.
To make PBr5, we need 5 singly occupied orbitals to bond.
Bromine
[Ar]
[Ar] 4s23d104p5
As shown on the Periodic Table, Bromine has a Ground State of [Ar]4s23d104p5 as represented by this orbital diagram.
Note that 3d10 is not included in the orbital diagram because it is a pseudo noble gas core and therefore does not take part in the chemical reaction. Treat a pseudo noble gas core like the electrons inside the brackets with the symbol of the noble gas.
As shown on the Periodic Table, Bromine has a Ground State of [Ar]4s23d104p5 as represented by this orbital diagram.
Note that electrons stay in the same energy level ONLY in the hybridization state.