K Means Tutorial
-----------------

The purpose of this tutorial is to walk through a K-Means analysis
beginning to end. By the end of this tutorialthe user should know how
to specify, run, and interpret a K-means model in  H\ :sub:`2`\ O.

Those who have never used H\ :sub:`2`\ O before should see the quick start guide
for additional instructions on how to run H\ :sub:`2`\ O. 

Interested users can find details on the math behind K Means at: :ref:`KMmath`.

Getting Started
"""""""""""""""

This tutorial uses a publicly available data set that can be found 

::

  Seeds data set http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/seeds 


The data are composed of 210 observations, 7 attributes, and an priori
grouping assignment. All data are positively valued and
continuous. Before modeling, parse data into H\ :sub:`2`\ O as follows:


#. Under the drop down menu Data select Upload and use the helper to
   upload data.

 
#. User will be redirected to a page with the header "Request
   Parse". Select whether the first row of the data set is a
   header. All other settings can be left in default. Press Submit.


#. Parsing data into H\ :sub:`2`\ O generates a .hex key ("data name.hex").

.. image:: KMparse.png
   :width: 90%



Building a Model
""""""""""""""""

#. Once  data are parsed a horizontal menu will appear at the top
   of the screen reading "Build model using ... ". Select 
   K Means here, or go to the drop down menu **Model** and
   select K-Means.


#. In the field for Source Key enter the .hex key associated with the
   data set. 


#. Choose K. There is no hard and fast rule for how to
   do this. For this dataset K is chosen to be 3.  


#. Note that data can be normalized, though it is not done for this
   analysis. 

#. Specify Initialization. Plus Plus initialization chooses one
   initial center and random, and weights the random selection of
   subsequent centers so that points furthest from the first center
   are more likely to be chosen. Furthest initialization chooses one
   initial center at random, and then chooses the next center to be
   point furthest away in terms of Euclidean distance. No selection
   results in K initial centers being chosen independently at random.  

#. Specify Max Iter (short for maximum iterations), which allows the
   user to specify the maximum number of iterations the algorithm processes.

#. Note that data can be normalized, though it is not done for this
   analysis. 

#. Cols is a list of the columns of attributes that should be used 
   in defining the clusters. Here we select all but column 7 (the 
   a priori known clusters for this particular set). 


#. Press submit.

.. image:: KMrequest.png
   :width: 90%



K-Means Output
""""""""""""""

Output is a matrix of the cluster assignments, and the
coordinates of the cluster centers in terms of the originally 
chosen attributes. Your cluster centers may differ slightly. 
K-Means randomly chooses starting points and converges on 
optimal centroids. The cluster number is arbitrary, and should
be thought of as a factor. 

.. image:: KMinspect.png 
   :width: 100%


K-means Next Steps
"""""""""""""""""""

For further information on the model select K-Means from the
drop down menu Score. Specify the K-Means model key, and the 
.hex key for the data set originally used. 

The output obtained when submit is pressed is the number of rows 
assigned to each cluster, and the squared error per cluster. 

.. image:: KMscore.png
   :width: 90%


K-means Apply
"""""""""""""

To generate a prediction (assign the observations in a data set
to a cluster) select K-means Apply from the Score drop down menu.
Specify the model to be applied and the  .hex for the data 
you would like to apply it to, and press submit. 

Here cluster assignments have been generated
for the original data. Because the data have been sufficiently well 
researched, the ideal cluster assignments were known in
advance. Comparing known cluster with predicted cluster demonstrated
that this K-Means model classifies with a less than 10% error rate. 

.. image:: KMapply.png
   :width: 90%


THE END.